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4 Macromolecules Monomers and Polymers
Between heaven and earth, everything has its own form and composition. There are four major types of macromolecules in the world, and their monomers and polymers have their own characteristics, which are described in detail.
One of them is proteins. The monomers of proteins are amino acids. Amino acids contain amino and carboxyl groups in their structures, and they have various types and different side chains. Many amino acids are connected by peptide bonds and polymerized into peptide chains. The peptide chains are folded and folded to form complex spatial structures, eventually forming proteins. Proteins have special functions in living organisms. They are enzymes that catalyze biochemical reactions, or components that constitute biological structures, or participate in many physiological processes such as immunity and transportation.
Second, nucleic acids are also important macromolecules. The monomer of nucleic acids is nucleotides. Nucleotides are composed of nitrogenous bases, pentacarbose and phosphoric acid. According to the difference of pentacarbose, nucleotides are divided into ribonucleotides and deoxyribonucleotides. Ribonucleotides are polymerized into ribonucleic acids (RNA), and deoxyribonucleotides are polymerized into deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA). Nucleic acids carry the genetic information of organisms and are related to the core life processes such as heredity, variation and protein synthesis of organisms.
Third, it is a sugar. The monomer of sugars is monosaccharides, common monosaccharides such as glucose, fructose, galactose, etc. Monosaccharides can be connected through glycosidic bonds to form oligosaccharides or polysaccharides. For example, two molecules of glucose are polymerized into maltose, and glucose is polymerized to form polysac Starch is an energy storage substance for plant cells, glycogen is an energy storage substance for animal cells, and cellulose participates in the formation of plant cell walls and maintains the morphology of plant cells.
Fourth, lipids cannot be ignored. Although lipids are not strictly polymerized from monomers, the fats in them are composed of glycerol and fatty acids. Glycerol has three hydroxyl groups, which can be combined with fatty acids through esterification. The carbon chain length and saturation of different fatty acids vary, resulting in different properties of fats. Fats are important energy storage substances in organisms and have functions such as heat preservation, buffering and decompression. In addition, phospholipids are composed of glycerol, fatty acids, phosphoric acid and their derivatives, and are important components of biofilms.
These four types of macromolecules, with their unique monomers and polymerization methods, build the complex structure and functional system of life, and play their respective roles in the transportation and transformation of heaven and earth organisms.
One of them is proteins. The monomers of proteins are amino acids. Amino acids contain amino and carboxyl groups in their structures, and they have various types and different side chains. Many amino acids are connected by peptide bonds and polymerized into peptide chains. The peptide chains are folded and folded to form complex spatial structures, eventually forming proteins. Proteins have special functions in living organisms. They are enzymes that catalyze biochemical reactions, or components that constitute biological structures, or participate in many physiological processes such as immunity and transportation.
Second, nucleic acids are also important macromolecules. The monomer of nucleic acids is nucleotides. Nucleotides are composed of nitrogenous bases, pentacarbose and phosphoric acid. According to the difference of pentacarbose, nucleotides are divided into ribonucleotides and deoxyribonucleotides. Ribonucleotides are polymerized into ribonucleic acids (RNA), and deoxyribonucleotides are polymerized into deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA). Nucleic acids carry the genetic information of organisms and are related to the core life processes such as heredity, variation and protein synthesis of organisms.
Third, it is a sugar. The monomer of sugars is monosaccharides, common monosaccharides such as glucose, fructose, galactose, etc. Monosaccharides can be connected through glycosidic bonds to form oligosaccharides or polysaccharides. For example, two molecules of glucose are polymerized into maltose, and glucose is polymerized to form polysac Starch is an energy storage substance for plant cells, glycogen is an energy storage substance for animal cells, and cellulose participates in the formation of plant cell walls and maintains the morphology of plant cells.
Fourth, lipids cannot be ignored. Although lipids are not strictly polymerized from monomers, the fats in them are composed of glycerol and fatty acids. Glycerol has three hydroxyl groups, which can be combined with fatty acids through esterification. The carbon chain length and saturation of different fatty acids vary, resulting in different properties of fats. Fats are important energy storage substances in organisms and have functions such as heat preservation, buffering and decompression. In addition, phospholipids are composed of glycerol, fatty acids, phosphoric acid and their derivatives, and are important components of biofilms.
These four types of macromolecules, with their unique monomers and polymerization methods, build the complex structure and functional system of life, and play their respective roles in the transportation and transformation of heaven and earth organisms.
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