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Macromolecular Composition of Microbial Cell Polymers and Monomers
Microbial cell polymers and monomers Macromolecular composition of microbial cells. The macromolecular composition of microbial cells is crucial to their life activities and characteristics. Cell polymers and their monomers build a complex structure and function system of microorganisms.
There are many kinds of cell polymers, and protein is an important polymer. Proteins are polymerized from amino acid monomers. Amino acids have a specific structure, including amino groups, carboxyl groups and side chain groups. Different amino acids are connected by peptide bonds to form polypeptide chains, which are folded and modified to construct proteins with different functions. These proteins are in microorganisms, either as enzymes that catalyze metabolic reactions, or as components for building cell structures, or participate in cell signaling, and have a wide range of functions.
Nucleic acids are also important cellular polymers. Nucleic acids are divided into deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). DNA is composed of deoxynucleotide monomers, each of which contains deoxyribose, phosphoric acid and nitrogen-containing bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine). DNA exists in a double helix structure, carrying the genetic information of microorganisms and controlling their growth, reproduction and genetic characteristics. RNA is composed of ribonucleotide monomers, which contain ribose, phosphoric acid and nitrogen-containing bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil). There are various types of RNA, messenger RNA (mRNA) transcribes the genetic information of DNA and guides protein synthesis; transport RNA (tRNA) is responsible for transporting amino acids to the ribosome to participate in protein synthesis; ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a component of the ribosome and facilitates protein synthesis.
Polysaccharides are also important polymers of microbial cells. Polysaccharides are polymerized from monosaccharide monomers. For example, glycogen is a polysaccharide used by animals and certain microorganisms to store energy, and is polymerized from glucose monomers. In the cell wall of microorganisms, there are also various polysaccharides, such as peptidoglycans, which are polymerized from two monosaccharides and short peptide chains, N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuric acid,
Although lipids are not typical polymers, they have important functions in microbial cells. Lipids contain components such as fatty acids and glycerol. Fatty acids are long-chain hydrocarbons with a carboxyl group at one end. Glycerol has three hydroxyl groups, which can form triglycerides through esterification with fatty acids to store energy for cells. In addition, phospholipids are an important part of cell membranes, composed of glycerol, fatty acids, phosphoric acids and nitrogenous bases, forming a phospholipid bilayer, building a barrier for cells, maintaining the stability of the intracellular environment, and participating in material transportation and signal transmission.
The polymers and monomers of microbial cells are combined in subtle ways to build the complex structure of cells and perform various life functions, laying the foundation for the survival, reproduction and adaptation of microorganisms to the environment.
There are many kinds of cell polymers, and protein is an important polymer. Proteins are polymerized from amino acid monomers. Amino acids have a specific structure, including amino groups, carboxyl groups and side chain groups. Different amino acids are connected by peptide bonds to form polypeptide chains, which are folded and modified to construct proteins with different functions. These proteins are in microorganisms, either as enzymes that catalyze metabolic reactions, or as components for building cell structures, or participate in cell signaling, and have a wide range of functions.
Nucleic acids are also important cellular polymers. Nucleic acids are divided into deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). DNA is composed of deoxynucleotide monomers, each of which contains deoxyribose, phosphoric acid and nitrogen-containing bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine). DNA exists in a double helix structure, carrying the genetic information of microorganisms and controlling their growth, reproduction and genetic characteristics. RNA is composed of ribonucleotide monomers, which contain ribose, phosphoric acid and nitrogen-containing bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil). There are various types of RNA, messenger RNA (mRNA) transcribes the genetic information of DNA and guides protein synthesis; transport RNA (tRNA) is responsible for transporting amino acids to the ribosome to participate in protein synthesis; ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a component of the ribosome and facilitates protein synthesis.
Polysaccharides are also important polymers of microbial cells. Polysaccharides are polymerized from monosaccharide monomers. For example, glycogen is a polysaccharide used by animals and certain microorganisms to store energy, and is polymerized from glucose monomers. In the cell wall of microorganisms, there are also various polysaccharides, such as peptidoglycans, which are polymerized from two monosaccharides and short peptide chains, N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuric acid,
Although lipids are not typical polymers, they have important functions in microbial cells. Lipids contain components such as fatty acids and glycerol. Fatty acids are long-chain hydrocarbons with a carboxyl group at one end. Glycerol has three hydroxyl groups, which can form triglycerides through esterification with fatty acids to store energy for cells. In addition, phospholipids are an important part of cell membranes, composed of glycerol, fatty acids, phosphoric acids and nitrogenous bases, forming a phospholipid bilayer, building a barrier for cells, maintaining the stability of the intracellular environment, and participating in material transportation and signal transmission.
The polymers and monomers of microbial cells are combined in subtle ways to build the complex structure of cells and perform various life functions, laying the foundation for the survival, reproduction and adaptation of microorganisms to the environment.
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