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Monomers and Polymers of Four Macromolecules
On the monomers and polymers of the four major types of macromolecules
All things in the world have their constituent bases and polymerization states. In the field of biochemistry, the four major types of macromolecules each have unique monomers and polymers, and their structures and functions have far-reaching implications.
Sugars are important for energy supply for life activities. Their monomers are monosaccharides, such as glucose and fructose, which have simple structures and are cyclic or chain-shaped. Monosaccharides are linked by glycosidic bonds and polymerized into polysaccharides. Starch, a polysaccharide for energy storage in plants, is polymerized from glucose, with an orderly structure, which is easy to decompose and supply energy. Glycogen, an energy storage polysaccharide in animals, has more complex branches and can quickly release energy. Cellulose, on the other hand, is stored in the plant cell wall, polymerized from glucose to cellulobiose, arranged in layers, with a strong structure and provides support for plants.
Lipids, a wide variety of different functions. Glycerol and fatty acids are common monomers of lipids. Glycerol has trihydroxyl groups, and fatty acids are long-chain hydrocarbon groups connected to carboxyl groups. The two are esterified to form triglycerides, which are excellent for energy storage and store a lot of energy in the body. Phospholipids, also composed of glycerol, fatty acids and phosphoric acid, play a crucial role in the structure of cell membranes. Their hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail make cell membranes selectively permeable.
Protein, the executor of life activities. Amino acids are its monomers, about 20 kinds of natural amino acids, all of which have amino and carboxyl groups, and have unique side chain groups. Amino acids are connected by peptide bonds to form polypeptide chains, which are folded and circled to form complex spatial structures. The primary structure is the amino acid sequence, the secondary structure includes α-helix and β-fold, the tertiary structure is the further folding of the polypeptide chain, and the quaternary structure is the polymerization of multiple polypeptide chains. Proteins have diverse functions, catalyzing enzymes, transporting hemoglobin, and immunizing antibodies, all of which are the functions of proteins.
Nucleic acid, the carrier of genetic information. Nucleotide is its monomer, composed of phosphoric acid, pentacarose and nitrogen-containing bases. The five-carbon sugar of DNA is deoxyribose, and RNA is ribose. Nucleotides are connected by phosphodiester bonds to form polynucleotide chains. DNA is a double-stranded helical structure with complementary pairing of bases, which stably stores genetic information. RNA is mostly single-stranded and plays a key role in the transcription and translation of genetic information.
In summary, the monomers and polymers of the four major types of macromolecules play their respective roles in life activities and cooperate with each other to maintain the delicate operation of life.
All things in the world have their constituent bases and polymerization states. In the field of biochemistry, the four major types of macromolecules each have unique monomers and polymers, and their structures and functions have far-reaching implications.
Sugars are important for energy supply for life activities. Their monomers are monosaccharides, such as glucose and fructose, which have simple structures and are cyclic or chain-shaped. Monosaccharides are linked by glycosidic bonds and polymerized into polysaccharides. Starch, a polysaccharide for energy storage in plants, is polymerized from glucose, with an orderly structure, which is easy to decompose and supply energy. Glycogen, an energy storage polysaccharide in animals, has more complex branches and can quickly release energy. Cellulose, on the other hand, is stored in the plant cell wall, polymerized from glucose to cellulobiose, arranged in layers, with a strong structure and provides support for plants.
Lipids, a wide variety of different functions. Glycerol and fatty acids are common monomers of lipids. Glycerol has trihydroxyl groups, and fatty acids are long-chain hydrocarbon groups connected to carboxyl groups. The two are esterified to form triglycerides, which are excellent for energy storage and store a lot of energy in the body. Phospholipids, also composed of glycerol, fatty acids and phosphoric acid, play a crucial role in the structure of cell membranes. Their hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail make cell membranes selectively permeable.
Protein, the executor of life activities. Amino acids are its monomers, about 20 kinds of natural amino acids, all of which have amino and carboxyl groups, and have unique side chain groups. Amino acids are connected by peptide bonds to form polypeptide chains, which are folded and circled to form complex spatial structures. The primary structure is the amino acid sequence, the secondary structure includes α-helix and β-fold, the tertiary structure is the further folding of the polypeptide chain, and the quaternary structure is the polymerization of multiple polypeptide chains. Proteins have diverse functions, catalyzing enzymes, transporting hemoglobin, and immunizing antibodies, all of which are the functions of proteins.
Nucleic acid, the carrier of genetic information. Nucleotide is its monomer, composed of phosphoric acid, pentacarose and nitrogen-containing bases. The five-carbon sugar of DNA is deoxyribose, and RNA is ribose. Nucleotides are connected by phosphodiester bonds to form polynucleotide chains. DNA is a double-stranded helical structure with complementary pairing of bases, which stably stores genetic information. RNA is mostly single-stranded and plays a key role in the transcription and translation of genetic information.
In summary, the monomers and polymers of the four major types of macromolecules play their respective roles in life activities and cooperate with each other to maintain the delicate operation of life.
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