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Monomers and Polymers of Organic Macromolecules
Monomers and polymers of organic macromolecules
Everything in the world has its own origin. Organic macromolecules play a crucial role in the foundation of life and the needs of life. To understand, we need to explore their monomers and polymers first.
Monomers are also the basic elements of organic macromolecules. Like masonry in Guangsha, although they are small, they come together to form a macrostructure. In terms of sugars, monosaccharides are their monomers. Glucose, a common monosaccharide, has six carbon atoms, and its structure is exquisite and can be connected to each other. The genus of aldehyde and hydroxyl groups interact with each other according to specific laws on glucose molecules. When two glucose molecules meet, they are dehydrated and condensed, and they are connected by glycosidic bonds to form maltose. This disaccharide can also be regarded as a class of oligosaccharides. If many glucose molecules are polymerized in an orderly manner, or extended in a straight chain, or branched and spread, they will form starch, cellulose and other polysaccharides. Starch, an important substance for plant energy storage, is arranged in a spiral shape in the granules, which is easy to store and decompose. Cellulose is the backbone of the plant cell wall. Glucose monomers are firmly connected by β-1,4-glycosidic bonds to form long chains, which are arranged in parallel to stabilize by hydrogen bonds, resulting in their strength and toughness.
Lipids also have the wonder of monomer polymerization. Fatty acids and glycerol are the basis of important lipid components. Fatty acid, the carboxyl group of the end of the hydrocarbon chain. Glycerol, with three hydroxyl groups. Molecular glycerol and three-molecule fatty acids, after esterification reaction, the hydroxyl group and the carboxyl group remove a molecule of water, and the ester bond is formed, thus forming triglycerides, which is the normal form of oils. Saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids, due to the presence or absence of double bonds in the carbon chain, cause the properties of triglycerides to be different. Saturated, mostly solid at room temperature, such as animal fats; unsaturated, usually liquid at room temperature, similar to vegetable oils. Phospholipids are also composed of monomers such as glycerol, fatty acids, phosphoric acids and nitrogen-containing bases. One end is hydrophilic and the other end is hydrophobic. They contribute to the formation of biological membranes.
Protein monomers, amino acids are also. Amino acids have amino and carboxyl groups, and are connected to the same carbon atom. This carbon atom is still connected to a hydrogen atom and a unique side chain group. The differences in side chain groups make amino acids rich in variety, with one in twenty common ones. Amino acids polymerize, the amino group dehydrates and condensates with the carboxyl group, and peptide bonds are formed to form a peptide chain. The peptide chain is not straight and stiff, and interacts with the amino acid sequence and side chains, circling and folding, forming secondary, tertiary and even quaternary structures. Taking hemoglobin as an example, it is composed of four polypeptide chains, each chain contains heme auxiliary groups. This quaternary structure makes hemoglobin highly capable of carrying oxygen. The monomer of the
nucleic acid is a nucleotide. Nucleotides are composed of nitrogenous bases, pentacarose and phosph Ribonucleotides and deoxyribonucleotides are monomers of ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) respectively due to the difference between five-carbon sugars. There are five nitrogen bases, adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), thymine (T) and uracil (U). In DNA, deoxynucleotides are connected by phosphodiester bonds to form two reverse parallel chains. The bases are complementary paired, A and T, G and C, which are maintained by hydrogen bonds and spiral into a double helix. RNA is mostly single-stranded, transcribing DNA information according to the complementary pairing of bases, and is indispensable for the transmission and expression of genetic information.
The monomers and polymers of organic macromolecules are polymerized in delicate laws and perform their respective duties in the process of life. From the structure of the cell to the transportation of the body, from the mystery of heredity to the order of metabolism, all depend on it. Only by understanding and exploring the mystery can we know the wonder of life and the wonders of nature. On the road of science, we are constantly advancing.
Everything in the world has its own origin. Organic macromolecules play a crucial role in the foundation of life and the needs of life. To understand, we need to explore their monomers and polymers first.
Monomers are also the basic elements of organic macromolecules. Like masonry in Guangsha, although they are small, they come together to form a macrostructure. In terms of sugars, monosaccharides are their monomers. Glucose, a common monosaccharide, has six carbon atoms, and its structure is exquisite and can be connected to each other. The genus of aldehyde and hydroxyl groups interact with each other according to specific laws on glucose molecules. When two glucose molecules meet, they are dehydrated and condensed, and they are connected by glycosidic bonds to form maltose. This disaccharide can also be regarded as a class of oligosaccharides. If many glucose molecules are polymerized in an orderly manner, or extended in a straight chain, or branched and spread, they will form starch, cellulose and other polysaccharides. Starch, an important substance for plant energy storage, is arranged in a spiral shape in the granules, which is easy to store and decompose. Cellulose is the backbone of the plant cell wall. Glucose monomers are firmly connected by β-1,4-glycosidic bonds to form long chains, which are arranged in parallel to stabilize by hydrogen bonds, resulting in their strength and toughness.
Lipids also have the wonder of monomer polymerization. Fatty acids and glycerol are the basis of important lipid components. Fatty acid, the carboxyl group of the end of the hydrocarbon chain. Glycerol, with three hydroxyl groups. Molecular glycerol and three-molecule fatty acids, after esterification reaction, the hydroxyl group and the carboxyl group remove a molecule of water, and the ester bond is formed, thus forming triglycerides, which is the normal form of oils. Saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids, due to the presence or absence of double bonds in the carbon chain, cause the properties of triglycerides to be different. Saturated, mostly solid at room temperature, such as animal fats; unsaturated, usually liquid at room temperature, similar to vegetable oils. Phospholipids are also composed of monomers such as glycerol, fatty acids, phosphoric acids and nitrogen-containing bases. One end is hydrophilic and the other end is hydrophobic. They contribute to the formation of biological membranes.
Protein monomers, amino acids are also. Amino acids have amino and carboxyl groups, and are connected to the same carbon atom. This carbon atom is still connected to a hydrogen atom and a unique side chain group. The differences in side chain groups make amino acids rich in variety, with one in twenty common ones. Amino acids polymerize, the amino group dehydrates and condensates with the carboxyl group, and peptide bonds are formed to form a peptide chain. The peptide chain is not straight and stiff, and interacts with the amino acid sequence and side chains, circling and folding, forming secondary, tertiary and even quaternary structures. Taking hemoglobin as an example, it is composed of four polypeptide chains, each chain contains heme auxiliary groups. This quaternary structure makes hemoglobin highly capable of carrying oxygen. The monomer of the
nucleic acid is a nucleotide. Nucleotides are composed of nitrogenous bases, pentacarose and phosph Ribonucleotides and deoxyribonucleotides are monomers of ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) respectively due to the difference between five-carbon sugars. There are five nitrogen bases, adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), thymine (T) and uracil (U). In DNA, deoxynucleotides are connected by phosphodiester bonds to form two reverse parallel chains. The bases are complementary paired, A and T, G and C, which are maintained by hydrogen bonds and spiral into a double helix. RNA is mostly single-stranded, transcribing DNA information according to the complementary pairing of bases, and is indispensable for the transmission and expression of genetic information.
The monomers and polymers of organic macromolecules are polymerized in delicate laws and perform their respective duties in the process of life. From the structure of the cell to the transportation of the body, from the mystery of heredity to the order of metabolism, all depend on it. Only by understanding and exploring the mystery can we know the wonder of life and the wonders of nature. On the road of science, we are constantly advancing.
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